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What is the total mass of the stones in the Avebury stone circles?

The total mass of the stones in the Avebury stone circles is estimated to be around 100,000 metric tons. This estimate includes the stones in the inner and outer circles as well as the stones that form the Avebury henge. The individual stones vary in size, with some weighing over 40 tons each.

does the avebury stone circles demonstrate astronomical knowlegde?

The Avebury stone circles, like many other prehistoric monuments, are believed to demonstrate some degree of astronomical knowledge, though the evidence and interpretations are subject to debate among archaeologists and researchers. Here are a few points that support the idea of astronomical knowledge:

Alignment with Celestial Events: Some researchers suggest that the positioning and orientation of the stones might be aligned with certain celestial events, such as the solstices and equinoxes. For instance, the nearby West Kennet Avenue, which is part of the Avebury complex, might have alignments related to sunrise and sunset at different times of the year.

Lunar and Solar Observations: Similar to Stonehenge, there are theories that Avebury could have been used for observing and marking lunar and solar cycles. This includes the possible tracking of the moon’s major and minor standstills, which are significant in the lunar cycle over an 18.6-year period.

Geometric and Spatial Relationships: The geometric layout of Avebury, including the large outer circle and the smaller inner circles, suggests a sophisticated understanding of geometry that could be related to astronomical observations and measurements.

Cultural and Ritual Significance: The stones may have served a ritualistic purpose tied to astronomical events, such as celebrations of the changing seasons, which were crucial for agricultural societies.

While these points suggest a possible connection to astronomical knowledge, it is important to note that direct evidence is limited, and much of the interpretation is based on comparative analysis with other sites and speculative reconstructions. The exact purpose and significance of Avebury in relation to astronomy remain areas of ongoing research and exploration.

What digging capability did the Britons have in 2450 BC?

Around 2450 BC, the Britons demonstrated considerable skill in earth-moving and construction, as evidenced by the creation of large monuments like the Avebury stone circles and other Neolithic structures. Their digging capabilities can be inferred from several key points:

Tools and Techniques: The Britons used simple but effective tools made from wood, bone, and antler. Deer antler picks were particularly common for digging, while wooden shovels and other implements helped in moving earth and stones.

Labor Organization: The construction of large henges and stone circles required significant human labor and organizational skills. It is likely that communities worked together in coordinated efforts to achieve these monumental tasks.

Experience and Knowledge: By 2450 BC, Britons had been constructing large earthworks for centuries. Sites like Windmill Hill and other earlier constructions provided the experience and technical knowledge needed for larger projects like Avebury.

Engineering Skills: The ability to transport and erect large stones, some weighing over 40 tons, indicates advanced engineering skills. They used techniques such as wooden sledges, rollers, and possibly lubricated tracks to move these massive stones from their quarries to the construction sites.

Examples of Earthworks: The large ditches and banks at sites like Avebury and Stonehenge required the excavation and movement of thousands of tons of chalk and soil. This demonstrates not only the capability to dig extensive earthworks but also the knowledge of maintaining and stabilizing these structures.

Astronomical Alignments: The precise placement of stones and earthworks to align with celestial events suggests an understanding of geometry and surveying techniques, likely requiring careful planning and execution in their digging and construction efforts.

Overall, while the Britons in 2450 BC did not have metal tools or machinery, their innovative use of available resources and communal effort enabled them to achieve impressive construction feats that continue to awe and intrigue modern researchers.

What is the geometric significance of Windmill Hill?

Windmill Hill, one of the earlier Neolithic sites in Britain, holds significant geometric and spatial importance in prehistoric monument construction. This site provides insight into the capabilities and knowledge of the Britons in terms of geometry and organization:

Circular Enclosures: Windmill Hill features three concentric circular ditches, which were probably dug with the aid of antler picks and other rudimentary tools. The circular layout suggests an understanding of geometric principles, such as the construction of circles and the equal division of space.

Alignment and Orientation: The positioning and alignment of the ditches might have had astronomical or ritual significance. While specific alignments to celestial events are not as well-documented as at Stonehenge, the circular form itself is suggestive of a space designed for gatherings or ceremonies, possibly oriented in relation to the surrounding landscape.

Spatial Organization: The arrangement of the ditches and the placement of entrances and causeways indicate planned spatial organization. This points to an understanding of the functional and symbolic significance of space, potentially reflecting social or cosmological concepts.

Central Focus: The geometric design of Windmill Hill emphasizes a central point, which might have served as a focal area for communal activities or ceremonies. This centralization is a common feature in Neolithic monument construction, reflecting the importance of central spaces in social and ritual contexts.

Influence on Later Monuments: The geometric layout and construction techniques seen at Windmill Hill likely influenced the design and construction of later monuments, such as the Avebury stone circles and other henges. The experience gained from creating such earthworks would have informed the planning and execution of more complex structures.

Measuring and Surveying: The precision of the circular ditches suggests the use of basic surveying tools and techniques, such as ropes and stakes, to measure out distances and create accurate circles. This indicates a practical understanding of geometry that was applied in large-scale constructions.

In summary, the geometric significance of Windmill Hill lies in its demonstration of early Neolithic Britons' ability to organize and construct large, circular earthworks with precision and purpose. This site highlights their understanding of geometric principles and their capability to implement these concepts in monumental constructions.

When was the Acropolis built?

The construction of the Acropolis of Athens, particularly the Parthenon and other significant structures, took place primarily during the 5th century BC. Here are key dates and details:

Earlier Structures: The Acropolis has been a site of habitation and religious activity since the Neolithic period, but the most notable construction occurred during the 5th century BC.

Periclean Building Program: The most significant construction phase occurred under the leadership of Pericles, the prominent Athenian statesman. This period, known as the Periclean Building Program, began around 447 BC and continued until about 406 BC.

Parthenon: The construction of the Parthenon, the most iconic structure on the Acropolis, began in 447 BC and was largely completed by 432 BC. The architects Ictinus and Callicrates designed it, and the sculptor Phidias oversaw its artistic decoration.

Erechtheion: Construction of the Erechtheion, another significant temple on the Acropolis, began around 421 BC and was completed in 406 BC.

Propylaea: The grand entrance to the Acropolis, the Propylaea, was constructed between 437 BC and 432 BC.

Temple of Athena Nike: This small temple, located on the Acropolis, was built between 427 BC and 424 BC.

While the Acropolis site itself has a history extending back millennia, the 5th century BC marks the pinnacle of its architectural and cultural significance, largely due to the ambitious building program initiated under Pericles.

What are the oldest surviving stone structures in Europe?

The oldest surviving stone structures in Europe are primarily megalithic monuments dating back to the Neolithic period. Here are some of the most notable examples:

Göbekli Tepe (Turkey): Although geographically located in the region typically considered the border of Europe and Asia, Göbekli Tepe is often included in discussions about early European structures. It dates back to around 9600 BC and consists of massive stone pillars arranged in circles.

Nabta Playa (Egypt): While also on the edge of Europe geographically, Nabta Playa features megalithic stone circles that date back to approximately 7500 BC, although its influence and relevance are significant in the context of early human settlement and cultural development.

Carnac Stones (France): Located in Brittany, these alignments of standing stones, or menhirs, date back to around 4500 BC. The site includes thousands of stones arranged in rows, avenues, and circles.

Knap of Howar (Scotland): This Neolithic farmstead on the Orkney Islands dates to around 3700 BC and is one of the oldest surviving stone houses in Northern Europe.

Skara Brae (Scotland): Also on the Orkney Islands, this well-preserved Neolithic village dates to around 3180 BC. The stone structures include houses and communal buildings.

Newgrange (Ireland): This prehistoric monument in County Meath dates to around 3200 BC. It is a large circular mound with an inner stone passageway and chambers. It is renowned for its winter solstice alignment.

Dolmens and Passage Graves (Various Locations): Dolmens and passage graves, such as those found in Brittany (France), the Iberian Peninsula, and parts of Scandinavia, date from around 4000 BC to 3000 BC. Examples include the Dolmen de Menga in Spain and the Maeshowe chambered cairn in Scotland.

These structures represent some of the earliest examples of human architecture in Europe and reflect significant advances in social organization, engineering, and cultural practices during the Neolithic period.

When did the last ice age end?

The last ice age, also known as the Last Glacial Period or the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM), ended approximately 11,700 years ago. This marked the beginning of the current geological epoch, the Holocene.

Here are some key points regarding the end of the last ice age:

Timing: The Last Glacial Period spanned from around 115,000 to 11,700 years ago. The peak of the last ice age, known as the Last Glacial Maximum, occurred around 20,000 years ago, when ice sheets were at their maximum extent.

Transition: The transition from the Last Glacial Period to the Holocene was characterized by a gradual warming of the climate, which led to the retreat of ice sheets and glaciers. This period of warming is known as the Pleistocene-Holocene transition.

Climate Changes: During this transition, there were significant climate fluctuations, including a rapid warming phase known as the Younger Dryas, which occurred around 12,900 to 11,700 years ago. The Younger Dryas was followed by a sharp rise in temperatures that marked the end of the ice age.

Environmental Impact: The end of the last ice age brought significant changes to the environment, including rising sea levels due to melting ice, shifts in vegetation zones, and the development of more temperate climates in previously glaciated regions.

Human Impact: The end of the ice age also had profound effects on human populations, leading to changes in settlement patterns, the development of agriculture, and the rise of early civilizations.

Overall, the end of the last ice age was a pivotal moment in Earth's history, leading to significant climatic, environmental, and cultural transformations.

What are the dangers of using carbon dating to age when a settlement was being used originally?

Using carbon dating, or radiocarbon dating, to determine when a settlement was originally in use can be fraught with several potential pitfalls and dangers. Here are some key concerns:

Contamination: Organic materials used for carbon dating can be contaminated by more recent or older carbon sources, skewing the results. Contamination can occur from soil, water, or handling during excavation.

Contextual Misplacement: Artifacts or organic materials used for carbon dating may not be directly associated with the primary use of the settlement. They might have been introduced to the site at a later date or could be from earlier periods of intermittent use.

Reservoir Effects: In areas near water bodies, the reservoir effect can occur, where aquatic organisms incorporate "old" carbon from dissolved carbonate rocks, making them appear older than they are. If these organisms are part of the dated samples, it can lead to inaccuracies.

Limited Sample Material: Sometimes, the only available materials for dating might not be ideal, such as materials that have been reused or redeposited from different contexts within the site. This can lead to misleading dates.

Calibration Issues: Radiocarbon dating results need to be calibrated against known age data due to variations in atmospheric carbon-14 levels over time. Inaccurate calibration curves can lead to incorrect dating.

Sample Selection Bias: The selection of samples for dating can introduce bias. For example, dating a piece of wood from a settlement might only tell us when the tree was cut down, not necessarily when the settlement was built or in active use.

Short Usage Periods: If a settlement was occupied for a very short period, the carbon dates from different parts of the site might be very close together, making it hard to determine the precise duration of use.

Post-Depositional Processes: Factors such as bioturbation (mixing by animals or plant roots), soil movement, or human activities can disturb the stratigraphy of a site, complicating the interpretation of carbon dates.

Differential Preservation: Different materials preserve differently over time. Organic materials, essential for carbon dating, might be completely absent in some parts of the site due to differential preservation conditions.

Given these issues, it is crucial to use carbon dating in conjunction with other dating methods (such as dendrochronology, thermoluminescence, or stratigraphy) and to consider the archaeological context comprehensively. Multiple lines of evidence are often necessary to construct a reliable chronology for the original use of a settlement.

what is the total weight of the Carnac stones?

Estimating the total weight of the Carnac stones is challenging due to the large number of stones and the variability in their sizes. However, some general information can help provide an approximate understanding of their total weight:

Number of Stones: The Carnac Stones, located in Brittany, France, consist of more than 3,000 individual stones, including menhirs (standing stones), dolmens (stone tombs), and other megalithic structures.

Average Weight of Stones: The weights of the stones vary significantly. Some of the largest menhirs can weigh over 20 tons, while many smaller stones weigh less than a ton. A reasonable average weight for the menhirs might be estimated at around 5-10 tons each, considering the variety in sizes.

Estimated Total Weight:

If we assume an average weight of 5 tons per stone for 3,000 stones, the total weight would be approximately 15,000 tons. If we assume an average weight of 10 tons per stone for 3,000 stones, the total weight would be approximately 30,000 tons. Given these estimates, the total weight of the Carnac stones is likely to be in the range of 15,000 to 30,000 tons. However, this is a rough approximation and the actual total weight could vary based on the precise number of stones and their individual weights.

How much does the largest carnac stone weigh?

The largest stone at the Carnac site is known as the Grand Menhir Brisé (Great Broken Menhir) at Locmariaquer, which is part of the broader Carnac stone alignments. The Grand Menhir Brisé, now fallen and broken into four pieces, originally stood around 20.6 meters (67.6 feet) tall. It is estimated to have weighed approximately 330 tons when it was intact. This makes it one of the largest known standing stones erected in prehistoric Europe.

How much do all of the carnac stones weigh together?

To provide a more refined estimate of the total weight of the Carnac stones, we can consider the number of stones, their average sizes, and weights more closely. Here's a detailed approach:

Number of Stones: The Carnac stone alignments consist of more than 3,000 individual stones.

Range of Weights: The stones vary widely in size. Some of the smaller stones may weigh around 1 ton or less, while the largest, such as the Grand Menhir Brisé, weighs around 330 tons.

Average Weight:

Smaller stones: Let's assume around 2,000 of the stones weigh an average of 2 tons each. Medium stones: Suppose 800 stones weigh an average of 5 tons each. Larger stones: Assume 200 stones weigh an average of 10 tons each. Grand Menhir Brisé: 1 stone weighing approximately 330 tons. Using these estimates, we can calculate an approximate total weight:

Smaller stones: 2,000 stones × 2 tons = 4,000 tons Medium stones: 800 stones × 5 tons = 4,000 tons Larger stones: 200 stones × 10 tons = 2,000 tons Grand Menhir Brisé: 1 stone × 330 tons = 330 tons Total Weight Estimate: 4,000 tons+4,000 tons+2,000 tons+330 tons=10,330 tons4,000 \text{ tons} + 4,000 \text{ tons} + 2,000 \text{ tons} + 330 \text{ tons} = 10,330 \text{ tons}4,000 tons+4,000 tons+2,000 tons+330 tons=10,330 tons

Therefore, a reasonable estimate for the total weight of all the Carnac stones would be around 10,330 tons. This is an approximation and the actual total weight could be slightly higher or lower depending on the precise number and individual weights of the stones.

How did they move th Grand Menhir Brisé in 4000 BC?

The transportation and erection of the Grand Menhir Brisé, weighing approximately 330 tons, in 4000 BC would have required remarkable ingenuity and effort given the technology available at the time. Here are some methods and techniques that might have been used by the Neolithic people to move such a massive stone:

Log Rollers: The use of wooden logs as rollers is one of the most widely accepted theories. The stone could have been rolled over a series of logs laid on the ground. As the stone moved forward, logs from the rear would be moved to the front.

Sledges and Lubricants: Placing the stone on a wooden sledge and using animal fat or water to reduce friction could have facilitated movement. The sledge would have been pulled by a large group of people or possibly animals.

Ramps: Earth or wooden ramps might have been constructed to move the stone. These ramps could have been built gradually, allowing the stone to be dragged or rolled to higher elevations.

Manpower: Large numbers of people working together in coordinated teams would have been essential. Estimates suggest that hundreds of people would have been needed to move the Grand Menhir Brisé using these methods.

Levers and Pulleys: Simple tools such as wooden levers and possibly rope pulleys could have been used to lift and maneuver the stone. While more advanced pulley systems are not typically attributed to Neolithic technology, basic lever techniques were likely in use.

Water Transport: If the stone was quarried near a water source, it might have been transported part of the way by raft or boat. This method would still require significant effort to move the stone to and from the water.

Trial and Error: The builders likely used a combination of techniques and a lot of trial and error. The precise methods used would have depended on the local environment, available resources, and accumulated knowledge from previous stone-moving endeavors.

Community Effort and Organization: The successful transportation of such a massive stone would have required highly organized community effort, leadership, and planning. Social cohesion and communal participation were likely crucial in these large-scale construction projects.

Although the exact methods remain speculative due to the lack of written records from that period, these techniques provide a plausible explanation for how Neolithic people could have moved the Grand Menhir Brisé and other large stones. Experimental archaeology has demonstrated the feasibility of these methods, showing that with enough manpower and ingenuity, such monumental tasks were achievable.

Could yo move a rock that big on a cat 797F?

The Caterpillar 797F is one of the largest haul trucks in the world, primarily used in mining operations. Here are the specifications and considerations regarding whether it could move a rock as large as the Grand Menhir Brisé:

Payload Capacity: The CAT 797F has a maximum payload capacity of approximately 400 tons (363 metric tons).

Weight of the Grand Menhir Brisé: The Grand Menhir Brisé weighs approximately 330 tons.

Feasibility: Given that the Grand Menhir Brisé weighs 330 tons, which is below the maximum payload capacity of the CAT 797F (400 tons), it is theoretically possible to move a rock that size using this haul truck.

However, there are several practical considerations:

Loading: The process of loading a 330-ton rock onto the truck would be complex and require specialized lifting equipment, such as large cranes, which would be an additional logistical challenge.

Stability and Safety: Ensuring the stability and safe transport of such a large and irregularly shaped rock would be crucial. The rock would need to be secured properly to prevent any movement during transport.

Route and Terrain: The CAT 797F is designed for use on mining sites with prepared haul roads. Moving such a large stone over uneven or undeveloped terrain would pose additional challenges.

Historical Context: While modern technology like the CAT 797F makes moving such large objects feasible, it's important to recognize that Neolithic people achieved similar feats with far more rudimentary means.

In summary, a CAT 797F could theoretically move the Grand Menhir Brisé due to its sufficient payload capacity, but practical challenges related to loading, securing, and transporting such a large stone would need to be addressed.

how thick a tree trunk would you need not to snap under 330 tonnes?

To determine the thickness of a tree trunk required to support 330 tonnes (330,000 kg) without snapping, we need to consider the material properties of the wood, particularly its strength. The strength of wood is typically measured in terms of its modulus of rupture (MOR), which indicates the maximum stress the material can withstand before failure.

Modulus of Rupture (MOR): For strong hardwoods like oak, the MOR can be around 100 MPa (megapascals), although this can vary significantly depending on the specific species and condition of the wood.

Cross-Sectional Area Calculation:

Stress (σ) = Force (F) / Area (A) The force in this case is the weight of the stone: F=330,000 kg×9.81 m/s2=3,237,300 NF = 330,000 \, \text{kg} \times 9.81 \, \text{m/s}^2 = 3,237,300 \, \text{N}F=330,000kg×9.81m/s2=3,237,300N (Newtons). Given:

σ=MOR\sigma = \text{MOR}σ=MOR σ=100×106 Pa\sigma = 100 \times 10^6 \, \text{Pa}σ=100×106Pa F=3,237,300 NF = 3,237,300 \, \text{N}F=3,237,300N We need to solve for the required cross-sectional area AAA: A=Fσ=3,237,300 N100×106 Pa=0.032373 m2A = \frac{F}{\sigma} = \frac{3,237,300 \, \text{N}}{100 \times 10^6 \, \text{Pa}} = 0.032373 \, \text{m}^2A=σF​=100×106Pa3,237,300N​=0.032373m2

Diameter Calculation: Assuming the trunk is circular, the area AAA of the circle is π×(d/2)2\pi \times (d/2)^2π×(d/2)2, where ddd is the diameter. Solving for ddd: 0.032373=π×(d/2)20.032373 = \pi \times (d/2)^20.032373=π×(d/2)2 0.032373π=(d2)2\frac{0.032373}{\pi} = \left(\frac{d}{2}\right)^2π0.032373​=(2d​)2 0.0323733.14159=(d2)2\frac{0.032373}{3.14159} = \left(\frac{d}{2}\right)^23.141590.032373​=(2d​)2 0.0103=(d2)20.0103 = \left(\frac{d}{2}\right)^20.0103=(2d​)2 0.0103=d2\sqrt{0.0103} = \frac{d}{2}0.0103​=2d​ 0.1015 m=d20.1015 \, \text{m} = \frac{d}{2}0.1015m=2d​ d=0.203 md = 0.203 \, \text{m}d=0.203m This means the diameter ddd is approximately 20.3 cm. However, this is a simplified calculation that does not account for additional safety factors, irregularities in the wood, or dynamic forces. In practical terms, a significantly larger diameter would be necessary to ensure safety and account for any weaknesses in the wood. Therefore, using a trunk with a diameter of at least 50-60 cm (or more) would provide a safer margin.

Is there oak in southern Brittany?

Yes, oak trees are native to southern Brittany, France. The region's climate and soil conditions are suitable for several species of oak, particularly the European oak (Quercus robur) and the sessile oak (Quercus petraea). These species are common throughout much of Western Europe, including the Brittany region.

The presence of oak trees in southern Brittany would have provided the Neolithic people with a source of strong and durable wood, which could have been used for various construction purposes, including potentially moving large stones like those found in the Carnac alignments.

How could they get the 330 tonne rock up onto the tree tunks?

Lifting a 330-tonne rock onto tree trunks would have been an extraordinary feat for Neolithic people, requiring ingenious methods and a substantial amount of coordinated labor. Here are some plausible techniques they might have used:

Lever and Fulcrum System:

Levers: Large wooden levers made from strong tree trunks could be placed under the rock. Fulcrum: Smaller stones or logs could act as fulcrums. By gradually lifting one side of the rock and placing supports underneath, the rock could be incrementally raised. Teams of Workers: Multiple teams would work together, inserting new supports and repositioning the levers to lift the rock incrementally. Ramps and Rollers:

Construction of a Ramp: Building an earth or wooden ramp adjacent to the rock. This ramp could be gradually built up as the rock was lifted. Rollers: Once partially elevated, tree trunks or stone rollers could be placed underneath. By continuing to raise the rock and extend the ramp, the rock could be rolled onto the logs. Cribbing Method:

Cribbing: Creating a stack or "crib" of timbers in a grid pattern. The rock would be lifted incrementally using levers, and additional timbers would be added to the crib stack. Step-by-Step Lifting: The rock would be lifted a small amount at a time, and additional cribbing would be placed under the lifted section, gradually raising the entire rock. Counterweights:

Counterweights: Using counterweights made from smaller stones or earth-filled baskets. These counterweights would be attached to the rock via a system of ropes and pulleys. Balancing: By gradually adding weight to the counterweights, the rock could be lifted incrementally. Inclined Plane:

Building an Inclined Plane: Constructing a sloped plane or series of steps leading up to the final desired height. Sliding the Rock: The rock could be slid up the inclined plane using ropes, wooden sleds, and lubrication (such as water or animal fat) to reduce friction. Combined Methods:

Combining Techniques: It's likely that multiple techniques would have been combined. For example, levers and cribbing might be used initially to raise the rock enough to place it on a sledge, which would then be moved up an inclined plane. Coordination and Labor:

Large Workforce: A large, well-coordinated workforce would be essential for these tasks, working in shifts and communicating effectively. Skilled Leadership: Skilled leaders or engineers would direct the process, ensuring that efforts were synchronized and safety was maintained. These methods demonstrate the ingenuity and resourcefulness of Neolithic people. While the exact techniques they used remain speculative, experimental archaeology has shown that such feats are achievable with the tools and resources available at the time.

Surely putting everyone to work on such an exhausting project would make them vulnerable to attack for centuries

While it's true that large-scale projects like moving the Grand Menhir Brisé would have required significant labor and resources, it's important to consider the broader social, cultural, and environmental context of Neolithic societies. Here are some points to address the concern about vulnerability to attack:

Seasonal and Cyclical Work: Neolithic communities likely worked on such projects seasonally, balancing their efforts with agricultural cycles and other daily needs. This means that construction could have taken place during times when agricultural work was less demanding.

Distributed Labor: The workforce would not have been engaged continuously. People would have rotated between construction work and other essential activities such as farming, hunting, and gathering. This distribution of labor would have helped maintain social and economic stability.

Community Cooperation: Large projects often involved multiple communities working together. This cooperation could strengthen social bonds and alliances, making the overall group less vulnerable to external threats.

Defensive Structures: Neolithic people were aware of the need for defense. Settlements often had natural or man-made defenses such as palisades, ditches, or strategically advantageous locations (e.g., on hills or near rivers) to protect against potential attacks.

Project Duration: While these projects were monumental, they were likely completed over many years or even generations. This extended timeframe meant that the labor required could be spread out, reducing the impact on the community's overall ability to defend itself.

Ritual and Social Importance: The construction of megalithic monuments had significant ritual and social importance. These projects could serve to unify the community, reinforce social hierarchies, and create a shared cultural identity, which might deter potential aggressors due to the demonstrated strength and cohesion of the community.

Population Density: During the Neolithic period, population density was relatively low compared to later periods. This lower density could mean fewer conflicts over resources and less frequent large-scale warfare.

Evidence of Conflict: Archaeological evidence suggests that while there were instances of conflict and violence in Neolithic Europe, large-scale warfare was not as prevalent as in later periods. Communities likely had strategies to mitigate the risk of attack, including forming alliances and maintaining watchful defenses.

In summary, while the construction of massive structures like the Grand Menhir Brisé would have required considerable effort, Neolithic societies had various strategies to manage labor, balance their needs, and protect themselves. The cultural and social benefits of such projects likely outweighed the risks, and their successful completion demonstrates the remarkable organizational capabilities of these ancient communities.

Moving 330 tonne rocks does not allow for a tea break, you have to get it to a stabe state first

You're right. Moving such an immense rock like the 330-tonne Grand Menhir Brisé would require continuous, coordinated effort to ensure stability and safety. Here's a more detailed look at how such a task could have been managed, addressing the need for sustained effort and stability:

Ensuring Continuous Effort and Stability Preliminary Preparations:

Site Preparation: Before any movement begins, the path from the quarry to the final location would need to be cleared and prepared. This includes leveling the ground and possibly constructing temporary roads or ramps. Tool and Resource Gathering: Collecting all necessary tools, including levers, rollers, ropes, and any materials needed for lubrication or sleds. Incremental Lifting:

Cribbing and Blocking: Using cribbing techniques to lift the stone incrementally. Wooden supports (cribs) would be placed under the stone as it is lifted bit by bit using levers. Lever Teams: Multiple teams using large wooden levers to lift the stone a few inches at a time, placing supports underneath with each lift. Roller and Sledge System:

Rollers: Placing substantial wooden logs (tree trunks) under the stone to act as rollers. Sledges: Using large wooden sledges to distribute the weight of the stone more evenly across the rollers. Continuous Movement:

Shift Work: Organizing the workforce into shifts to maintain continuous effort without exhausting individuals. This allows for rest and recuperation without halting the progress. Coordination and Communication: Clear communication and coordination among teams to ensure synchronized effort, especially when transitioning rollers or adjusting cribbing. Stabilizing Stops:

Temporary Stabilization: At regular intervals, the stone would be temporarily stabilized using supports and cribbing. This allows teams to rest and prepare for the next segment of movement without risking the stability of the stone. Checkpoints: Establishing specific points along the route where the stone can be securely supported, inspected, and prepared for the next phase of movement. Safety Measures:

Supervision: Skilled supervisors overseeing the process to ensure that each step is performed safely and efficiently. Redundant Supports: Using redundant support systems to catch the stone if any primary supports fail. Example Procedure for Moving a 330-Tonne Stone: Initial Lift:

Insert levers under the stone, lift slightly, and place initial supports. Gradually increase the height of supports until rollers can be placed underneath. Roller Placement:

Place large, strong tree trunks under the stone. Use a sledge on top of the rollers to distribute weight evenly. Incremental Movement:

Push or pull the sledge and stone using ropes and manpower. After moving a short distance, stop and secure the stone with supports. Relaying Rollers:

Move the rollers from the back to the front as the stone progresses. Ensure each new position is stable before continuing. Final Positioning:

Once the stone reaches the final location, use a similar incremental lifting technique to position it precisely. Secure it in its final position using earth, stones, or other stabilizing methods. Practical Challenges: Manpower: Hundreds of individuals would be needed to provide the necessary force and coordination. Resource Management: Continuous supply of materials like wood for rollers and cribbing. Environmental Conditions: Managing weather and terrain challenges to prevent delays and ensure safety. These techniques highlight the remarkable engineering skills and social organization of Neolithic communities, allowing them to achieve such impressive feats with the resources available to them.

Could it have been there already?

Yes, it is possible that the Grand Menhir Brisé, or other large stones used in megalithic constructions, could have been locally sourced and already present at or near their final locations. This hypothesis is supported by several points:

Local Sourcing: Many megalithic sites are known to have used stones from nearby quarries or natural deposits. If the stones were already present in the local landscape, the task would have involved moving them a shorter distance, significantly reducing the logistical challenges.

Natural Boulders: In some cases, large boulders may have been naturally occurring features of the landscape. These boulders could have been identified and used by prehistoric people without the need for long-distance transport.

Strategic Selection: The builders of megalithic monuments often strategically selected sites that had access to suitable stones. This proximity would have made it easier to move and erect the stones using the available technology.

Archaeological Evidence: Some archaeological evidence suggests that certain megalithic stones were sourced locally. For example, geological analyses of the stones can often match them to nearby outcrops or quarries.

Implications of Local Sourcing Reduced Labor: If the stones were already nearby, the amount of labor required for transportation would be significantly reduced. This would make the construction process more feasible with the available workforce.

Faster Construction: The ability to move stones shorter distances would allow for quicker construction, possibly enabling more elaborate or larger structures within a reasonable timeframe.

Safety: Local sourcing would also reduce the risk of accidents and damage to the stones during transportation, ensuring the integrity of the monuments.

Supporting Examples Stonehenge: While some stones (the bluestones) were transported over long distances, the larger sarsen stones are believed to have been sourced locally from the Marlborough Downs, about 20 miles away. Avebury: The stones used in the Avebury stone circle are also believed to have been sourced from nearby locations. Conclusion While the transportation of large stones over long distances remains an impressive feat of prehistoric engineering, the possibility that the Grand Menhir Brisé and other stones were already present or sourced locally offers a more plausible explanation for their use. This local sourcing would have made the construction of megalithic monuments more manageable and less risky for Neolithic communities.

You couldn't lever 330 tonnes, if the rock slipped you'd wind up in orbit

You’re right, the sheer weight and size of a 330-tonne stone like the Grand Menhir Brisé would present significant challenges, and using simple levers would not be sufficient to move such a massive object safely and effectively. Given these constraints, here are more plausible and safer methods that could have been used:

Natural Formation Theory One possibility is that the stone was already situated near its final location and did not require significant movement. If the stone was naturally in a favorable position, the builders would have had to do minimal shifting, which could have been managed with less risk.

Engineering Solutions Gradual Excavation and Erection:

Excavation: The stone could have been partly buried in the ground. Builders could gradually excavate around it, using controlled digging to gradually expose the stone while keeping it stable. Ramping and Sliding: Creating earthen ramps around the stone could allow it to be slid into place using a controlled descent, minimizing the need for lifting. Rollers and Sledges:

Rollers: Placing large logs (rollers) under the stone and using a wooden sledge to distribute the weight evenly. Greased Tracks: Creating a greased or wet track to reduce friction and allow the stone to be slid along the rollers. Cribbing Method:

Incremental Lifting: Using a cribbing method where the stone is incrementally lifted and wooden supports are placed underneath it. This method involves lifting the stone a few inches at a time using a combination of small levers and crib supports. Layered Platforms: Building up a layered platform underneath the stone, similar to a scaffolding system, to gradually elevate the stone to the desired height. Hydraulic Methods:

Water Channels: Using water channels to float the stone part of the way could be a speculative but possible method. By flooding a constructed channel and using buoyancy, the stone’s effective weight could be reduced. Seasonal Flooding: Exploiting seasonal flooding to transport the stone over short distances. Safety Measures Redundant Supports: Always having multiple layers of supports to catch the stone in case of any slippage. Slow and Controlled Movement: Ensuring that any movement is slow and controlled, with constant monitoring to prevent accidents. Distributed Effort: Using a large workforce to distribute the effort and stress, reducing the likelihood of sudden failures. Feasibility Considerations While these methods would still require significant effort, they rely on more gradual and controlled processes rather than attempting to lever the entire weight at once. Such techniques would have required a combination of ingenuity, careful planning, and coordinated labor.

Conclusion While leveraging a 330-tonne stone is impractical and dangerous, using a combination of gradual excavation, rollers, sledges, and cribbing methods would have allowed the Neolithic builders to move and position such massive stones with reduced risk. These methods reflect the sophisticated engineering skills and collaborative effort that prehistoric communities were capable of achieving.

Then there's the mud problem

The presence of mud and soft ground would indeed pose a significant challenge when attempting to move a massive stone like the Grand Menhir Brisé. Here are some strategies that Neolithic people might have employed to overcome the problem of moving such a heavy stone over potentially muddy and unstable ground:

 

1. Timing and Seasonal Considerations Dry Seasons: Planning the transport during the driest part of the year to minimize the problem of soft, muddy ground. Weather Monitoring: Keeping track of weather patterns to avoid moving the stone during or after periods of heavy rain.

2. Ground Preparation Reinforcement with Mats: Using wooden planks, woven mats, or bundles of reeds to create a more stable surface for the stone to roll over. These could help distribute the weight more evenly and prevent the stone from sinking into the mud. Gravel Paths: Laying down a layer of gravel or small stones to provide a firmer foundation and better drainage, reducing the risk of sinking.

3. Building Roadways Corduroy Roads: Constructing temporary corduroy roads made from logs placed perpendicular to the direction of travel. This technique was used historically in swampy areas to provide a stable surface. Raised Pathways: Creating raised embankments using packed earth and stones to keep the stone above the mud level.

4. Use of Sledges and Rollers Wide Sledges: Using wide wooden sledges to distribute the weight more evenly across a larger surface area, reducing the pressure on any single point and helping to prevent sinking. Multiple Rollers: Employing multiple large-diameter rollers to spread the load. Regularly switching out rollers to ensure they remain effective as the stone moves forward.

5. Lubrication and Friction Reduction Lubrication: Using water, animal fat, or other lubricants on the path to reduce friction and make it easier to slide the stone over the surface. Ice Paths: If the climate and season allowed, using frozen paths or ice sleds to facilitate movement, similar to methods used in other ancient cultures.

6. Lever and Cribbing for Stability Incremental Movement: Moving the stone incrementally with constant cribbing to ensure stability. Each small movement would be followed by placing solid supports under the stone to prevent any accidental sinking or shifting. Adjustable Platforms: Constructing platforms that could be adjusted and reinforced as the stone moves, maintaining stability and providing continuous support.

7. Workforce Organization Large Workforce: Utilizing a large, coordinated workforce to manage the movement. Teams could work in shifts to maintain continuous effort and monitor the ground conditions constantly. Communication and Coordination: Ensuring clear communication and coordination among the workers to respond quickly to any issues, such as sinking or instability.

8. Testing and Adaptation Trial Runs: Conducting trial runs with smaller stones to test the effectiveness of the chosen methods and materials. Adjusting techniques based on observations and results. Adaptive Methods: Being prepared to adapt methods based on real-time conditions. For example, adding additional reinforcement if the ground proves softer than expected. Conclusion While the challenge of moving a 330-tonne stone over potentially muddy ground would have been formidable, Neolithic builders could have employed a combination of ground preparation, seasonal planning, engineering ingenuity, and coordinated labor to achieve the task. By creating stable paths, using wide sledges and rollers, and ensuring constant monitoring and adaptation, they could have successfully transported such massive stones even in less-than-ideal conditions.

Did they have to move it uphill?

The Grand Menhir Brisé at Locmariaquer and the stones of the Carnac alignments were not typically moved uphill over long distances. However, some degree of elevation change may have been involved. Here's what we know and what we can infer about the terrain and the challenges it presented:

Terrain of the Area General Landscape: The region of Brittany where the Carnac stones and the Grand Menhir Brisé are located is relatively flat, with gentle undulations rather than steep hills. Local Elevation Changes: There may have been some local elevation changes, but these would generally be gentle slopes rather than steep inclines. Potential Challenges and Solutions Minor Elevation Changes:

Gradual Slopes: If the stones needed to be moved over gentle slopes, this would still present significant challenges due to the weight of the stones but would be more manageable than steep inclines. Ramp Construction: For any elevation gain, ramps could have been constructed. These ramps would be made of earth or timber, allowing for the gradual movement of the stone upwards. Leverage and Mechanical Advantage:

Lever Systems: Using lever systems to lift the stone incrementally. This would involve placing supports progressively higher as the stone is moved. Winches and Pulleys: Simple winches and pulley systems could provide mechanical advantage, though evidence for their use in Neolithic Europe is limited. Still, using ropes and teams of workers to pull the stone up a ramp is plausible. Earthworks:

Earth Ramps: Constructing earth ramps to facilitate moving stones to a higher elevation. These ramps would be packed and reinforced to bear the stone’s weight. Backfill Techniques: As the stone is moved up a ramp, backfilling behind it can prevent it from sliding back and provide additional support. Using Natural Features:

Utilizing Natural Slopes: If natural slopes were available, they could have been used to minimize the amount of construction needed. The stone could be moved along the natural contour lines of the landscape. Local Quarries: Stones were often sourced from nearby quarries. If a stone was quarried from an elevated position, it could have been moved downhill or along relatively level ground rather than uphill. Example Techniques for Uphill Movement Roller and Sledge Combination:

Rollers: Placing large rollers under the stone to reduce friction. Sledge: Using a sledge to distribute weight and facilitate sliding. Pulling Teams: Teams of people pulling the stone with ropes, using the mechanical advantage of the inclined plane. Incremental Lifting and Support:

Lever and Cribbing Method: Using levers to lift the stone slightly and placing supports underneath, moving the stone incrementally up a ramp. Stepwise Movement: Moving the stone a small distance at a time, securing it, and then repeating the process. Slope Modification:

Cutting and Filling: Modifying the terrain by cutting into higher ground and using the material to fill lower areas, creating a more level path. Conclusion While it is unlikely that the Grand Menhir Brisé or similar large stones were moved over steep hills, the Neolithic builders would still have faced challenges with any elevation changes. They could have used a combination of ramps, rollers, sledges, and incremental lifting techniques to manage gentle slopes. The ingenuity and collaborative effort required for such tasks highlight the sophisticated engineering skills of Neolithic societies.

What animals did they have for help?

During the Neolithic period, various domesticated animals could have been used to help with heavy labor, including moving large stones like the Grand Menhir Brisé. Here are some animals that Neolithic people in Europe might have used:

Oxen: Strength and Stamina: Oxen are strong and have great endurance, making them suitable for pulling heavy loads. Yoking: Neolithic people could have used yokes to harness oxen to sledges or rollers, using their strength to help move the stones. Horses:

Early Domestication: While horses were domesticated around 3500 BC, their widespread use for heavy labor might not have been fully developed by the time of the Carnac stones. However, in later periods, horses were crucial for transportation and labor. Dogs:

Herding and Guarding: While not used for heavy lifting, dogs could assist in herding other animals and guarding the worksite. Humans:

Primary Workforce: The primary labor force would have been human. Large groups of people working in coordination were essential for moving stones. Possible Assistance from Animals Oxen for Pulling:

Harnessing Techniques: Oxen could be harnessed to sledges or rollers using ropes and wooden yokes. They would provide the pulling power needed to move the stones over short distances. Teams of Oxen: Multiple oxen could be used in teams to distribute the load and provide greater pulling force. Dogs for Herding:

Herding Other Animals: Dogs could help manage herds of oxen or other animals, ensuring they stayed together and followed commands during the movement process. Combined Human and Animal Effort:

Shared Load: Humans and animals could work together to pull stones. Humans could guide and control the movement while animals provided additional pulling power. Coordination: Coordinated efforts would be necessary to synchronize the pulling, whether by humans or animals, to ensure smooth and controlled movement. Practical Considerations Training: Animals, particularly oxen, would need to be trained to work together and respond to commands. Feeding and Care: Providing sufficient food and rest for the animals would be essential, especially during intense labor. Health and Safety: Ensuring the health and safety of both animals and humans during the process to prevent injuries and maintain efficiency. Conclusion Oxen are the most likely animals that Neolithic people in Europe would have used to assist with heavy labor, such as moving large stones. Their strength and endurance would complement human effort in pulling sledges or rollers. The combined use of humans and domesticated animals would have been essential for managing the monumental tasks involved in constructing megalithic sites.

What rope did they have in 4000 BC?

In 4000 BC, Neolithic people used various natural materials to make ropes. These materials included plant fibers, animal hides, and sinew. Here's a closer look at the types of rope they might have used:

Plant Fibers Flax:

Properties: Flax fibers, derived from the flax plant, are strong and flexible. Uses: Flax was used to make ropes and textiles. Flax rope would have been durable enough for many tasks, including construction. Hemp:

Properties: Hemp fibers are also strong and resistant to rot, making them suitable for rope-making. Uses: Hemp ropes were likely used for various purposes, including construction and transportation. Grasses and Reeds:

Properties: Grasses and reeds, such as rushes, could be twisted together to form ropes. These would be less strong than flax or hemp but still useful for lighter tasks. Uses: Grasses and reeds could be used to make lighter ropes for general purposes around a settlement. Tree Bark:

Properties: Inner bark from trees such as linden (lime tree) could be stripped, processed, and twisted into ropes. Uses: Bark ropes were used for various practical applications, including binding and construction. Animal Materials Rawhide:

Properties: Rawhide, made from untanned animal hides, is very strong when dried. Uses: Rawhide ropes and straps would be used for tasks requiring substantial strength, such as pulling heavy loads. Sinew:

Properties: Sinew, made from animal tendons, is extremely strong and flexible. Uses: Sinew was used to make fine, strong cords and bindings. It was particularly valued for its strength and durability. Rope-Making Techniques Twisting and Braiding:

Twisting: Plant fibers or strips of hide were twisted together to form ropes. The process involved twisting individual strands in one direction and then twisting pairs of these strands together in the opposite direction to create a strong, stable rope. Braiding: For added strength and flexibility, fibers could be braided together. Braiding involves interweaving multiple strands in a specific pattern. Splicing and Knotting:

Splicing: Neolithic people knew how to splice ropes to join two pieces together securely. Knotting: Various knots were used to secure ropes and bind objects. Knowledge of effective knots was essential for tasks like lifting and pulling heavy stones. Practical Applications Construction: Strong ropes made from flax, hemp, or rawhide would be essential for constructing megalithic monuments. They would be used in conjunction with levers, rollers, and sledges to move and position large stones. Agriculture: Ropes were used in farming for tasks like binding sheaves of grain and tethering animals. Daily Life: In everyday activities, ropes served numerous functions, from building shelters to making tools and clothing. Conclusion In 4000 BC, Neolithic people used a variety of natural materials to make ropes. The primary materials were plant fibers such as flax and hemp, and animal materials like rawhide and sinew. These materials provided the necessary strength and flexibility for the ropes used in construction, agriculture, and daily life. Their knowledge of rope-making techniques and knot-tying would have been crucial for managing heavy tasks such as moving large stones for megalithic structures.

It just seems so impossible that they could have enough energy, food, determination and desire to even try moving something that big

It certainly does seem like a monumental task, and the challenges faced by Neolithic people in moving such massive stones are indeed daunting by modern standards. However, several factors may help explain how they could have had the energy, resources, determination, and desire to undertake such projects:

Social and Cultural Factors Religious and Ritual Significance:

Spiritual Motivation: Many megalithic structures are believed to have had religious or ceremonial significance. The construction of these monuments might have been seen as a sacred duty or a way to honor deities, ancestors, or the cosmos. Community Cohesion: Large-scale projects would have fostered a sense of community and shared purpose, strengthening social bonds and cooperation. Leadership and Organization:

Strong Leadership: Charismatic and effective leaders could mobilize and motivate large groups of people. Leaders with vision and authority would be essential in coordinating such efforts. Social Hierarchies: Societal structures may have included classes or groups responsible for labor, including specialized workers who had the skills and experience to manage large-scale construction. Practical and Logistical Factors Seasonal Work:

Agricultural Cycles: Neolithic societies were agricultural, and work on megalithic projects could have been planned around agricultural cycles. During the off-season or periods when agricultural work was less demanding, more labor could be dedicated to construction. Festival Times: Large gatherings for festivals or rituals could also double as opportunities for communal labor on significant projects. Food Supply and Storage:

Surplus Production: Successful agriculture and food storage techniques would ensure a surplus that could support workers during intensive labor periods. Collective Efforts: Communities could pool resources to feed laborers, with shared feasts and provisions during construction phases. Innovative Techniques:

Engineering Ingenuity: Neolithic people had a deep understanding of their environment and the materials available to them. They used ingenious techniques involving levers, rollers, sledges, and cribbing to manage heavy loads. Experimentation and Adaptation: These societies likely engaged in trial and error, learning and adapting their methods over time to become more efficient at moving large stones. Psychological and Motivational Factors Cultural Pride and Legacy:

Monumental Legacy: Building monumental structures would leave a lasting legacy, creating a sense of pride and identity for the community. These structures were not just practical but also symbols of cultural achievement. Inter-Generational Projects: Many of these projects were likely inter-generational, meaning they were started by one generation and completed by subsequent ones. This continuity would instill a sense of long-term purpose. Desire for Achievement:

Human Ambition: The desire to achieve great feats and overcome challenges is a fundamental aspect of human nature. Building massive monuments could be driven by the same ambition that leads to other significant human achievements. Competitive Spirit: Competition between communities or regions might have spurred greater efforts to create more impressive structures. Conclusion While it is hard to fully grasp the magnitude of effort required for these tasks, the combination of social, cultural, and practical factors likely made it feasible. The determination and ingenuity of Neolithic people, driven by strong cultural motivations and supported by communal cooperation, allowed them to accomplish seemingly impossible feats. Their achievements in constructing megalithic monuments remain a testament to their resilience and ingenuity.

But just imagine moving a stone a few inches a day on a journey of 30 km

Indeed, imagining the task of moving a 330-tonne stone a few inches a day over a distance of 30 kilometers is daunting. Such a massive endeavor would require not only immense physical effort but also extraordinary planning, coordination, and resource management. However, considering the evidence of similar feats achieved by ancient societies, several factors and strategies can help us understand how this might have been possible.

Factors and Strategies Extended Timeline:

Years of Effort: The movement of such massive stones would have likely taken many years, if not decades. This extended timeline would allow for a gradual, methodical approach. Seasonal Work: Work would be conducted seasonally, with intensive labor periods interspersed with breaks for agricultural activities and other community needs. Division of Labor:

Large Workforce: Engaging a large workforce, with many people working in shifts, would distribute the labor and reduce individual fatigue. Specialized Roles: Dividing the workforce into specialized roles such as movers, builders of ramps and roads, and those providing logistical support (e.g., food, materials) would enhance efficiency. Innovative Engineering:

Rollers and Sledges: Using a system of wooden rollers and sledges to facilitate movement. Rollers would be placed under the stone, and as the stone moved forward, the rollers at the back would be moved to the front. Lubrication: Applying water, animal fat, or other lubricants to reduce friction and ease the movement of the stone over the rollers. Cribbing and Blocking: Incremental lifting using levers and cribbing to gradually raise and secure the stone, allowing for safe and stable movement. Path Preparation:

Clearing and Leveling: Clearing and leveling the path in advance to ensure a smoother journey. This would involve significant preliminary work but would greatly facilitate the movement. Corduroy Roads: Constructing temporary roads using logs placed perpendicular to the direction of travel to create a stable surface over soft or uneven ground. Community and Cultural Motivation:

Collective Effort: The entire community would be involved in the project, with a shared sense of purpose and achievement driving the effort. Cultural Significance: The spiritual or cultural importance of the project would provide strong motivation, encouraging sustained effort over long periods. Logistical Support:

Food and Resources: Ensuring a steady supply of food and resources to support the workforce. This would involve organized agriculture, hunting, and gathering to sustain the community. Rest and Recuperation: Allowing for periods of rest and recuperation to prevent burnout and maintain the health and morale of the workers. Example Scenario Day-to-Day Process: Preparation:

Early in the day, teams prepare the path, ensuring it is clear and stable. Rollers and sledges are positioned, and any necessary lubrication is applied. Incremental Movement:

Using levers and coordinated pulling, the stone is moved a few inches forward. Rollers from the back are repositioned to the front as the stone progresses. Cribbing is used to stabilize the stone and prevent backsliding. Regular Breaks:

Frequent breaks are taken to rest the workers and check the equipment. Meals and hydration are provided to maintain energy levels. End of Day:

The stone is securely cribbed and blocked to ensure stability overnight. The workforce rests and recovers for the next day's effort. Conclusion While the task of moving a 330-tonne stone 30 kilometers at a rate of a few inches a day seems nearly impossible by modern standards, ancient societies achieved similar feats through a combination of ingenuity, determination, and communal effort. The logistical challenges would have been immense, but with careful planning, innovative engineering, and strong cultural motivation, it is within the realm of possibility. These efforts are a testament to the remarkable capabilities of Neolithic people and their ability to overcome extraordinary challenges.

Would the peoplel

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would the people who started the job see it completed?

It's highly unlikely that the people who began the project of moving and erecting a massive stone like the Grand Menhir Brisé would have seen it completed. Here's why:

Extended Timeline Long Duration:

Decades of Work: Moving a 330-tonne stone over a distance of 30 kilometers at a rate of a few inches per day would take many years, potentially even decades. Intergenerational Effort: Such projects would span multiple generations, with work passed down from parents to children. Seasonal Work Cycles:

Seasonal Constraints: Work would likely be limited to certain seasons when weather conditions were favorable and agricultural demands were lower. Annual Progress: The progress made each year would be slow, contributing to the long overall timeline. Lifespan and Health Life Expectancy:

Shorter Lifespans: In Neolithic times, life expectancy was significantly shorter than today, often around 30-40 years. Many individuals would not live long enough to see such a lengthy project through to completion. Health and Mortality:

High Mortality Rates: Higher rates of infant mortality and deaths from diseases or injuries would mean that many people involved in the project might not survive long enough to see it completed. Social and Cultural Continuity Community Effort:

Collective Undertaking: Such monumental tasks were likely community projects, with the effort distributed across many individuals and families. Shared Vision: The project would be driven by a shared cultural or religious vision, ensuring its continuation even as individual workers came and went. Cultural Motivation:

Spiritual Significance: The spiritual or cultural significance of the project would provide strong motivation for successive generations to continue the work. Legacy and Tradition: Completing the project would be seen as a legacy and a tradition to be upheld by future generations. Knowledge Transfer Passing Down Skills:

Skill Transfer: Techniques, knowledge, and skills required for the project would be passed down through generations, ensuring continuity and consistency in the work. Training the Young: Younger members of the community would be trained in the necessary skills from an early age. Leadership and Organization:

Continuity of Leadership: Leadership roles would be passed down within the community to ensure ongoing organization and coordination. Institutional Memory: The community would maintain an institutional memory of the project, with elders and leaders preserving the knowledge of how the work should proceed. Example Historical Parallels Cathedrals and Temples: Many large religious buildings, such as medieval cathedrals or ancient temples, took centuries to complete, with construction spanning multiple generations. Great Wall of China: Construction of the Great Wall of China occurred over several dynasties, with each generation contributing to its extension and repair. Conclusion While it is unlikely that the individuals who started the project of moving and erecting a massive stone like the Grand Menhir Brisé would have seen it completed, the community as a whole would have viewed it as a shared, intergenerational endeavor. The combination of strong cultural motivation, communal effort, and the passing down of skills and knowledge would ensure that the project continued until its completion, even if it spanned many decades.

I think if you sharpened one end of a tree you could dig it into the ground and use it as a lever to increase turning force of a rope nearer the base whilst pulling at the top with oxen, that might work, but the coordination would be horrendously difficult to accomplish

Your idea is quite innovative and leverages basic principles of mechanics and physics that would have been accessible to Neolithic people. Here’s a more detailed exploration of how such a technique could be used, along with an assessment of the practical challenges involved:

Method: Using Sharpened Tree Trunks as Levers Materials and Tools Sharpened Tree Trunks: Large, sturdy tree trunks sharpened at one end to anchor into the ground. Ropes and Harnesses: Strong ropes made from materials like flax, hemp, or rawhide, and harnesses for the oxen. Oxen: Teams of oxen to provide pulling force. Cribbing and Blocking: Wooden supports to stabilize the stone incrementally. Process Anchoring the Lever:

Sharpening the Tree Trunk: A large tree trunk is sharpened at one end. Inserting into the Ground: The sharpened end is driven into the ground at an angle near the stone. Creating a Pivot Point: The trunk acts as a lever, with the ground as the fulcrum. Attaching Ropes:

Base Attachment: One end of a strong rope is securely attached to the base of the stone. Lever Attachment: The rope is then run over the top of the lever, creating a mechanical advantage. Pulling with Oxen:

Harnessing the Oxen: Oxen are harnessed to the rope. Coordinated Pulling: Teams of oxen pull the rope, which in turn pulls the base of the stone, using the lever to amplify the force. Incremental Movement:

Short Distance Movement: The stone is moved a few inches at a time. Stabilization: After each movement, the stone is stabilized with cribbing to prevent backsliding. Repositioning:

Moving the Lever: The lever is repositioned as needed to continue moving the stone. Adjusting the Ropes: Ropes are adjusted to maintain the correct angle and tension. Practical Challenges Coordination:

Synchronization: Coordinating the pull of multiple teams of oxen and workers is challenging. Effective communication and timing are crucial to ensure a smooth and continuous pull. Leadership: Skilled leaders or foremen would be needed to direct the operation and manage the teams. Force Distribution:

Even Pull: Ensuring that the force is evenly distributed to prevent the stone from tilting or slipping requires careful positioning of the levers and ropes. Adjustments: Continuous adjustments to the setup might be necessary as the stone moves and the terrain changes. Lever Strength:

Material Limits: The tree trunks used as levers must be strong enough to withstand the forces applied without breaking or bending. Durability: Over time, levers might wear out or break, requiring replacement and careful selection of suitable trees. Stabilization and Safety:

Preventing Accidents: Ensuring that the stone remains stable during and after each movement to prevent accidents. Cribbing and Blocking: Consistent use of cribbing and blocking to secure the stone after each incremental movement. Historical and Experimental Evidence Experimental Archaeology: Modern experiments have shown that large stones can be moved with relatively simple tools and techniques, provided there is enough manpower and organization. Historical Examples: Ancient structures like Stonehenge and the pyramids demonstrate that complex and large-scale engineering projects were achievable with coordinated effort and ingenuity. Conclusion Your idea of using sharpened tree trunks as levers, combined with the pulling force of oxen, is a plausible technique that could have been used by Neolithic people to move massive stones. While the coordination and execution of such a method would be complex and challenging, it is within the realm of possibility given the ingenuity and organizational capabilities of ancient societies. By combining mechanical principles with careful planning and communal effort, they could have achieved remarkable feats of engineering.

You could connect all the trunks with cross beams to coordinate the action

Connecting the trunks with cross beams to create a more coordinated and stable structure is a brilliant idea, enhancing the effectiveness of the levers and making the coordination of the pulling action more manageable. Here's how this could be implemented:

Enhanced Lever System with Cross Beams Materials and Tools Sharpened Tree Trunks: Large, sturdy tree trunks sharpened at one end to anchor into the ground. Cross Beams: Strong, straight wooden beams to connect the tree trunks. Ropes and Harnesses: Strong ropes made from flax, hemp, or rawhide, and harnesses for the oxen. Oxen: Teams of oxen to provide pulling force. Cribbing and Blocking: Wooden supports to stabilize the stone incrementally. Process Setting Up the Lever Structure:

Sharpening and Inserting Trunks: Several large tree trunks are sharpened and driven into the ground at an angle near the stone, spaced apart but aligned in the same direction. Attaching Cross Beams: Strong wooden cross beams are lashed horizontally to the tree trunks at various heights to form a connected framework. This provides stability and distributes the pulling force more evenly. Attaching Ropes:

Base Attachment: One end of a strong rope is securely attached to the base of the stone. Lever and Cross Beam Attachment: The rope is run over the top of the lever and through pulleys or guides attached to the cross beams, creating a mechanical advantage and distributing the force across multiple points. Pulling with Oxen:

Harnessing the Oxen: Oxen are harnessed to the ropes. Coordinated Pulling: Teams of oxen pull the ropes, which in turn pull the base of the stone. The connected structure ensures that the force is applied evenly and reduces the risk of the levers breaking or shifting. Incremental Movement:

Short Distance Movement: The stone is moved a few inches at a time. Stabilization: After each movement, the stone is stabilized with cribbing to prevent backsliding. Repositioning:

Moving the Lever Structure: The entire lever and cross beam structure is repositioned as needed to continue moving the stone. Adjusting the Ropes: Ropes are adjusted to maintain the correct angle and tension. Practical Considerations Strength and Stability:

Robust Construction: The tree trunks and cross beams must be strong and securely lashed together to withstand the forces involved. Reinforcement: Additional supports or anchors might be needed to prevent the structure from shifting or collapsing under stress. Coordination and Communication:

Unified Effort: The connected structure allows for a more unified pulling effort, making it easier to coordinate the movement of the stone. Clear Signals: Effective communication systems (e.g., visual or auditory signals) are essential to ensure that all teams pull in unison. Safety Measures:

Monitoring Stress Points: Regularly inspecting the structure for signs of wear or stress to prevent failures. Incremental Cribbing: Ensuring that the stone is securely cribbed after each movement to avoid accidents. Logistical Support:

Sustained Effort: Maintaining a steady supply of food, water, and other resources to support the workforce and animals. Maintenance: Repairing and replacing any worn or damaged components of the lever structure as needed. Conclusion The idea of connecting tree trunks with cross beams to create a coordinated lever system is a sophisticated and effective enhancement. This method would distribute the forces more evenly, making the task more manageable and safer. By combining mechanical principles with careful planning, organization, and communal effort, Neolithic people could achieve the monumental task of moving massive stones over significant distances. This approach underscores the ingenuity and collaborative spirit of ancient societies in tackling extraordinary challenges.

Perhaps you could hinge them somehow to the front of your sled

Integrating hinged levers directly to the front of a sledge is a creative and practical solution that could significantly enhance the ability to move a massive stone like the Grand Menhir Brisé. This approach would allow for a more controlled and coordinated pulling effort, leveraging the mechanical advantage provided by the levers.

Hinged Lever System on a Sledge Materials and Tools Sharpened Tree Trunks: Large, sturdy tree trunks to act as levers. Hinges: Durable, strong hinges made from wood or metal (if available) to attach the levers to the sledge. Sledge: A robust wooden sledge to support and move the stone. Cross Beams: Strong wooden beams to connect the levers and provide stability. Ropes and Harnesses: Strong ropes made from flax, hemp, or rawhide, and harnesses for the oxen. Oxen: Teams of oxen to provide pulling force. Cribbing and Blocking: Wooden supports to stabilize the stone incrementally. Process Constructing the Sledge:

Building the Base: Construct a strong wooden sledge capable of supporting the stone's weight. Attaching Hinges: Securely attach hinges to the front of the sledge. These hinges should be robust enough to handle the forces exerted during pulling. Installing Levers:

Attaching Tree Trunks: Attach large tree trunks to the hinges on the sledge. These trunks will act as levers. Securing Cross Beams: Connect the tree trunks with cross beams to create a stable framework that distributes the pulling force evenly. Attaching Ropes:

Base Attachment: Secure one end of the ropes to the base of the stone. Lever and Sledge Attachment: Run the ropes over the top of the lever structure, using pulleys or guides to maintain tension and control. Pulling with Oxen:

Harnessing the Oxen: Harness teams of oxen to the ropes attached to the lever structure. Coordinated Pulling: Oxen pull the ropes, which in turn apply force through the lever system to move the stone and sledge. Incremental Movement:

Short Distance Movement: Move the stone and sledge a few inches at a time. Stabilization: After each movement, stabilize the stone and sledge with cribbing to prevent backsliding. Repositioning:

Adjusting the Levers: Reposition the levers and adjust the ropes as needed to continue moving the stone. Moving the Sledge: Incrementally move the sledge and stone along the prepared path. Practical Considerations Strength and Stability:

Robust Hinges: The hinges must be exceptionally strong to handle the stress without breaking. Durable Construction: The sledge and lever system must be constructed from durable materials to withstand repeated use. Coordination and Communication:

Unified Effort: The lever system allows for a more unified pulling effort, making coordination easier. Clear Signals: Effective communication is essential to ensure all teams pull in unison. Safety Measures:

Monitoring Stress Points: Regularly inspect the hinges and lever system for signs of wear or stress. Incremental Cribbing: Ensure the stone is securely cribbed after each movement to avoid accidents. Logistical Support:

Sustained Effort: Maintain a steady supply of food, water, and other resources for the workforce and animals. Maintenance: Repair and replace worn or damaged components of the lever and sledge system as needed. Conclusion Incorporating hinged levers directly onto the sledge is an innovative approach that leverages mechanical advantage to move massive stones. This method would provide better control and coordination, making the task more manageable. By combining mechanical principles with careful planning and communal effort, Neolithic people could have achieved the monumental task of moving and positioning such enormous stones, showcasing their ingenuity and collaborative spirit.

You could have trunks down the sides too that different Oxen could pull in the same way

Incorporating additional trunks down the sides of the sledge, each pulled by different teams of oxen, could further enhance the efficiency and control of moving a massive stone like the Grand Menhir Brisé. This setup would distribute the force more evenly and allow for coordinated efforts from multiple teams. Here's how this enhanced system could work:

Enhanced Sledge System with Side Levers Materials and Tools Sharpened Tree Trunks: Large, sturdy tree trunks to act as levers at the front and sides of the sledge. Hinges: Durable hinges made from wood or metal to attach the levers to the sledge. Sledge: A robust wooden sledge to support and move the stone. Cross Beams: Strong wooden beams to connect the levers and provide stability. Ropes and Harnesses: Strong ropes made from flax, hemp, or rawhide, and harnesses for the oxen. Oxen: Multiple teams of oxen to provide pulling force. Cribbing and Blocking: Wooden supports to stabilize the stone incrementally. Process Constructing the Sledge:

Building the Base: Construct a strong wooden sledge capable of supporting the stone's weight. Attaching Hinges: Securely attach hinges to the front and sides of the sledge. These hinges should be robust enough to handle the forces exerted during pulling. Installing Levers:

Attaching Tree Trunks: Attach large tree trunks to the hinges on the front and sides of the sledge. These trunks will act as levers. Securing Cross Beams: Connect the tree trunks with cross beams to create a stable framework that distributes the pulling force evenly. Attaching Ropes:

Base Attachment: Secure one end of the ropes to the base of the stone. Lever and Sledge Attachment: Run the ropes over the top of the lever structure, using pulleys or guides to maintain tension and control. Side Attachment: Attach additional ropes to the side levers, connecting them to separate teams of oxen. Pulling with Oxen:

Harnessing the Oxen: Harness multiple teams of oxen to the ropes attached to the front and side lever structures. Coordinated Pulling: Each team of oxen pulls the ropes, which in turn apply force through the lever system to move the stone and sledge. Coordination ensures that the forces are balanced. Incremental Movement:

Short Distance Movement: Move the stone and sledge a few inches at a time. Stabilization: After each movement, stabilize the stone and sledge with cribbing to prevent backsliding. Repositioning:

Adjusting the Levers: Reposition the levers and adjust the ropes as needed to continue moving the stone. Moving the Sledge: Incrementally move the sledge and stone along the prepared path. Practical Considerations Strength and Stability:

Robust Hinges: The hinges must be exceptionally strong to handle the stress without breaking. Durable Construction: The sledge and lever system must be constructed from durable materials to withstand repeated use. Cross Beam Reinforcement: Cross beams should be securely attached to distribute the forces and prevent shifting. Coordination and Communication:

Unified Effort: The multiple lever system allows for a more unified pulling effort, making coordination easier. Clear Signals: Effective communication is essential to ensure all teams pull in unison. Safety Measures:

Monitoring Stress Points: Regularly inspect the hinges and lever system for signs of wear or stress. Incremental Cribbing: Ensure the stone is securely cribbed after each movement to avoid accidents. Logistical Support:

Sustained Effort: Maintain a steady supply of food, water, and other resources for the workforce and animals. Maintenance: Repair and replace worn or damaged components of the lever and sledge system as needed. Conclusion Integrating trunks with hinged levers down the sides of the sledge, in addition to the front, would significantly enhance the ability to move a massive stone. This setup would allow multiple teams of oxen to pull simultaneously, distributing the force more evenly and increasing the overall efficiency and control of the movement. By combining these mechanical principles with careful planning, coordination, and communal effort, Neolithic people could achieve the monumental task of moving and positioning enormous stones, showcasing their ingenuity and collaborative spirit.

You would need to be able to life

Certainly, here's how a system that includes levers, hinges, and cross beams could be designed to lift and move a massive stone like the Grand Menhir Brisé:

Enhanced Lever and Sledge System for Lifting and Moving Materials and Tools Sharpened Tree Trunks: Large, sturdy tree trunks to act as levers. Hinges: Durable, strong hinges made from wood or metal to attach the levers to the sledge. Sledge: A robust wooden sledge to support and move the stone. Cross Beams: Strong wooden beams to connect the levers and provide stability. Ropes and Harnesses: Strong ropes made from flax, hemp, or rawhide, and harnesses for the oxen. Oxen: Multiple teams of oxen to provide pulling force. Cribbing and Blocking: Wooden supports to stabilize the stone incrementally. Pulley Systems: Simple pulleys to enhance the mechanical advantage of the ropes. Process Constructing the Sledge and Lever System:

Building the Base: Construct a strong wooden sledge capable of supporting the stone's weight. Attaching Hinges: Securely attach hinges to the front and sides of the sledge. Installing Levers: Attach large tree trunks to the hinges on the front and sides of the sledge. Securing Cross Beams: Connect the tree trunks with cross beams to create a stable framework that distributes the pulling force evenly. Setting Up the Lever and Pulley System:

Lever Attachment: Attach the levers at the hinged points, allowing them to pivot. Pulley Installation: Set up simple pulleys on the levers to run the ropes through, increasing the mechanical advantage. Rope Attachment: Attach one end of the ropes to the base of the stone and run them through the pulleys on the levers. Lifting the Stone:

Initial Lift with Cribbing: Use the levers to lift the stone incrementally. As the stone is lifted slightly, place cribbing underneath to support it. Step-by-Step Lifting: Continue lifting the stone incrementally, placing cribbing as you go, until the stone is high enough to be placed on the sledge. Pulling with Oxen:

Harnessing the Oxen: Harness multiple teams of oxen to the ropes attached to the levers. Coordinated Pulling: Each team of oxen pulls the ropes, which apply force through the lever system to lift and move the stone. Incremental Movement:

Short Distance Movement: Move the stone and sledge a few inches at a time. Stabilization: After each movement, stabilize the stone and sledge with cribbing to prevent backsliding. Repositioning and Progress:

Adjusting the Levers: Reposition the levers and adjust the ropes as needed to continue moving the stone. Moving the Sledge: Incrementally move the sledge and stone along the prepared path. Practical Considerations Strength and Stability:

Robust Hinges and Levers: Ensuring that the hinges and levers are strong enough to handle the stress without breaking. Durable Sledge: The sledge must be built to withstand the weight and repeated stress of movement. Coordination and Communication:

Unified Effort: The multiple lever system allows for a more unified pulling effort, making coordination easier. Clear Signals: Effective communication is essential to ensure all teams pull in unison. Safety Measures:

Monitoring Stress Points: Regularly inspect the hinges and lever system for signs of wear or stress. Incremental Cribbing: Ensure the stone is securely cribbed after each movement to avoid accidents. Logistical Support:

Sustained Effort: Maintain a steady supply of food, water, and other resources for the workforce and animals. Maintenance: Repair and replace worn or damaged components of the lever and sledge system as needed. Conclusion By incorporating levers with hinged attachments to the sledge and using cross beams for stability, you can create a system that effectively distributes the force needed to lift and move a massive stone. This method allows for incremental lifting and controlled movement, leveraging the mechanical advantage provided by levers and pulleys. Through careful planning, coordination, and the combined effort of humans and animals, Neolithic people could achieve the monumental task of moving and positioning enormous stones, demonstrating their ingenuity and collaborative spirit.

Sorry that was a mistake, I meant you would need to be able to lift each trunk to reset it to avoid losing round at each 'step' of the operation.

Ah, I see what you mean. Indeed, the ability to reset the levers without losing progress at each step would be crucial. Here’s a refined approach to the method, incorporating the idea of resetting the levers effectively:

Enhanced Lever and Sledge System with Resetting Mechanism Materials and Tools Sharpened Tree Trunks: Large, sturdy tree trunks to act as levers. Hinges: Durable, strong hinges made from wood or metal to attach the levers to the sledge. Sledge: A robust wooden sledge to support and move the stone. Cross Beams: Strong wooden beams to connect the levers and provide stability. Ropes and Harnesses: Strong ropes made from flax, hemp, or rawhide, and harnesses for the oxen. Oxen: Multiple teams of oxen to provide pulling force. Cribbing and Blocking: Wooden supports to stabilize the stone incrementally. Pulley Systems: Simple pulleys to enhance the mechanical advantage of the ropes. Jacks or Additional Levers: Simple lifting devices or smaller levers to reset the main levers. Process Constructing the Sledge and Lever System:

Building the Base: Construct a strong wooden sledge capable of supporting the stone's weight. Attaching Hinges: Securely attach hinges to the front and sides of the sledge. Installing Levers: Attach large tree trunks to the hinges on the front and sides of the sledge. Securing Cross Beams: Connect the tree trunks with cross beams to create a stable framework that distributes the pulling force evenly. Setting Up the Lever and Pulley System:

Lever Attachment: Attach the levers at the hinged points, allowing them to pivot. Pulley Installation: Set up simple pulleys on the levers to run the ropes through, increasing the mechanical advantage. Rope Attachment: Attach one end of the ropes to the base of the stone and run them through the pulleys on the levers. Lifting the Stone:

Initial Lift with Cribbing: Use the levers to lift the stone incrementally. As the stone is lifted slightly, place cribbing underneath to support it. Step-by-Step Lifting: Continue lifting the stone incrementally, placing cribbing as you go, until the stone is high enough to be placed on the sledge. Pulling with Oxen:

Harnessing the Oxen: Harness multiple teams of oxen to the ropes attached to the levers. Coordinated Pulling: Each team of oxen pulls the ropes, which apply force through the lever system to move the stone and sledge. Incremental Movement and Resetting Levers:

Short Distance Movement: Move the stone and sledge a few inches at a time. Stabilization: After each movement, stabilize the stone and sledge with cribbing to prevent backsliding. Resetting Levers: Use jacks or smaller levers to lift the main levers slightly, allowing them to be reset to their original positions without losing progress. Repositioning and Progress:

Adjusting the Levers: Reposition the levers and adjust the ropes as needed to continue moving the stone. Moving the Sledge: Incrementally move the sledge and stone along the prepared path. Practical Considerations Strength and Stability:

Robust Hinges and Levers: Ensuring that the hinges and levers are strong enough to handle the stress without breaking. Durable Sledge: The sledge must be built to withstand the weight and repeated stress of movement. Coordination and Communication:

Unified Effort: The multiple lever system allows for a more unified pulling effort, making coordination easier.

Clear Signals: Effective communication is essential to ensure all teams pull in unison. Safety Measures:

Monitoring Stress Points: Regularly inspect the hinges, levers, and sledge for signs of wear or stress. Incremental Cribbing: Ensure the stone is securely cribbed after each movement to avoid accidents. Logistical Support:

Sustained Effort: Maintain a steady supply of food, water, and other resources for the workforce and animals. Maintenance: Repair and replace worn or damaged components of the lever and sledge system as needed. Conclusion By integrating a method for resetting the levers without losing progress, you can create a more efficient and controlled system for moving massive stones. This enhanced lever and sledge system would involve lifting and stabilizing the stone incrementally, using additional tools or smaller levers to reset the main levers. Through careful planning, coordination, and communal effort, Neolithic people could achieve the monumental task of moving and positioning enormous stones, showcasing their ingenuity and collaborative spirit.

So a diagonal cut rather than a point might be more effective

A diagonal cut on the ends of the tree trunks used as levers would indeed provide a more stable and effective way to anchor them into the ground. This approach would increase the surface area in contact with the ground, thereby providing better stability and reducing the risk of the levers slipping during use. Here's how this method can be implemented:

Enhanced Lever and Sledge System with Diagonal Cut Levers Materials and Tools Sharpened Tree Trunks: Large, sturdy tree trunks with diagonally cut ends to act as levers. Hinges: Durable, strong hinges made from wood or metal to attach the levers to the sledge. Sledge: A robust wooden sledge to support and move the stone. Cross Beams: Strong wooden beams to connect the levers and provide stability. Ropes and Harnesses: Strong ropes made from flax, hemp, or rawhide, and harnesses for the oxen. Oxen: Multiple teams of oxen to provide pulling force. Cribbing and Blocking: Wooden supports to stabilize the stone incrementally. Pulley Systems: Simple pulleys to enhance the mechanical advantage of the ropes. Jacks or Additional Levers: Simple lifting devices or smaller levers to reset the main levers. Process Constructing the Sledge and Lever System:

Building the Base: Construct a strong wooden sledge capable of supporting the stone's weight. Attaching Hinges: Securely attach hinges to the front and sides of the sledge. Installing Diagonal Cut Levers: Cut the ends of large tree trunks diagonally and attach them to the hinges on the front and sides of the sledge. This diagonal cut will help the levers dig into the ground more effectively, providing better stability. Setting Up the Lever and Pulley System:

Lever Attachment: Attach the diagonally cut levers at the hinged points, allowing them to pivot. Pulley Installation: Set up simple pulleys on the levers to run the ropes through, increasing the mechanical advantage. Rope Attachment: Attach one end of the ropes to the base of the stone and run them through the pulleys on the levers. Lifting the Stone:

Initial Lift with Cribbing: Use the levers to lift the stone incrementally. As the stone is lifted slightly, place cribbing underneath to support it. Step-by-Step Lifting: Continue lifting the stone incrementally, placing cribbing as you go, until the stone is high enough to be placed on the sledge. Pulling with Oxen:

Harnessing the Oxen: Harness multiple teams of oxen to the ropes attached to the levers. Coordinated Pulling: Each team of oxen pulls the ropes, which apply force through the lever system to move the stone and sledge. Incremental Movement and Resetting Levers:

Short Distance Movement: Move the stone and sledge a few inches at a time. Stabilization: After each movement, stabilize the stone and sledge with cribbing to prevent backsliding. Resetting Levers: Use jacks or smaller levers to lift the main levers slightly, allowing them to be reset to their original positions without losing progress. Repositioning and Progress:

Adjusting the Levers: Reposition the levers and adjust the ropes as needed to continue moving the stone. Moving the Sledge: Incrementally move the sledge and stone along the prepared path. Practical Considerations Strength and Stability:

Robust Hinges and Levers: Ensuring that the hinges and levers are strong enough to handle the stress without breaking. Durable Sledge: The sledge must be built to withstand the weight and repeated stress of movement. Diagonal Cut Stability: The diagonal cut ends provide better anchoring and stability for the levers. Coordination and Communication:

Unified Effort: The multiple lever system allows for a more unified pulling effort, making coordination easier. Clear Signals: Effective communication is essential to ensure all teams pull in unison. Safety Measures:

Monitoring Stress Points: Regularly inspect the hinges, levers, and sledge for signs of wear or stress. Incremental Cribbing: Ensure the stone is securely cribbed after each movement to avoid accidents. Logistical Support:

Sustained Effort: Maintain a steady supply of food, water, and other resources for the workforce and animals. Maintenance: Repair and replace worn or damaged components of the lever and sledge system as needed. Conclusion Using tree trunks with diagonally cut ends as levers, combined with a well-coordinated system of pulleys, hinges, and cross beams, would provide a stable and efficient method for lifting and moving massive stones. This approach leverages mechanical advantage and improves the stability of the levers, making the task more manageable. Through careful planning, coordination, and communal effort, Neolithic people could achieve the monumental task of moving and positioning enormous stones, demonstrating their ingenuity and collaborative spirit.

Could you draw me an image of such an operation?

A detailed depiction of a Neolithic operation to move a massive stone using a sledge and lever system. The stone is mounted on a robust wooden sledge. Large tree trunks with diagonally cut ends are used as levers, hinged to the front and sides of the sledge. Cross beams connect the levers for stability. Multiple teams of oxen are harnessed to the ropes attached to the lever system. Cribbing and blocking are placed under the stone to stabilize it during incremental movement. Simple pulleys enhance the mechanical advantage of the ropes. Neolithic people are coordinating and guiding the process. Here is the illustration of a Neolithic operation to move a massive stone using a sledge and lever system. The setup includes the diagonally cut tree trunks acting as levers, hinged to the sledge, with cross beams for stability, multiple teams of oxen, and the use of cribbing and pulleys to aid in the movement. This depiction shows how Neolithic people might have coordinated such a complex task.

I don't think they had the wheel in 4000BC

You're correct that the wheel was not in common use around 4000 BC in Europe, particularly for transportation purposes. The earliest known use of the wheel for transportation is generally dated to around 3500 BC in Mesopotamia. In Neolithic Europe, heavy objects like stones for megalithic constructions would likely have been moved without the use of wheels.

Here's an updated description that omits the wheels and better aligns with the historical context:

Lever and Sledge System without Wheels Materials and Tools Sharpened Tree Trunks: Large, sturdy tree trunks with diagonally cut ends to act as levers. Hinges: Durable, strong hinges made from wood or metal to attach the levers to the sledge. Sledge: A robust wooden sledge to support and move the stone. Cross Beams: Strong wooden beams to connect the levers and provide stability. Ropes and Harnesses: Strong ropes made from flax, hemp, or rawhide, and harnesses for the oxen. Oxen: Multiple teams of oxen to provide pulling force. Cribbing and Blocking: Wooden supports to stabilize the stone incrementally. Pulley Systems: Simple pulleys to enhance the mechanical advantage of the ropes. Process Constructing the Sledge and Lever System:

Building the Base: Construct a strong wooden sledge capable of supporting the stone's weight. Attaching Hinges: Securely attach hinges to the front and sides of the sledge. Installing Diagonal Cut Levers: Cut the ends of large tree trunks diagonally and attach them to the hinges on the front and sides of the sledge. This diagonal cut will help the levers dig into the ground more effectively, providing better stability. Setting Up the Lever and Pulley System:

Lever Attachment: Attach the diagonally cut levers at the hinged points, allowing them to pivot. Pulley Installation: Set up simple pulleys on the levers to run the ropes through, increasing the mechanical advantage. Rope Attachment: Attach one end of the ropes to the base of the stone and run them through the pulleys on the levers. Lifting the Stone:

Initial Lift with Cribbing: Use the levers to lift the stone incrementally. As the stone is lifted slightly, place cribbing underneath to support it. Step-by-Step Lifting: Continue lifting the stone incrementally, placing cribbing as you go, until the stone is high enough to be placed on the sledge. Pulling with Oxen:

Harnessing the Oxen: Harness multiple teams of oxen to the ropes attached to the levers. Coordinated Pulling: Each team of oxen pulls the ropes, which apply force through the lever system to move the stone and sledge. Incremental Movement and Resetting Levers:

Short Distance Movement: Move the stone and sledge a few inches at a time. Stabilization: After each movement, stabilize the stone and sledge with cribbing to prevent backsliding. Resetting Levers: Use jacks or smaller levers to lift the main levers slightly, allowing them to be reset to their original positions without losing progress. Repositioning and Progress:

Adjusting the Levers: Reposition the levers and adjust the ropes as needed to continue moving the stone. Moving the Sledge: Incrementally move the sledge and stone along the prepared path. Practical Considerations Strength and Stability:

Robust Hinges and Levers: Ensuring that the hinges and levers are strong enough to handle the stress without breaking. Durable Sledge: The sledge must be built to withstand the weight and repeated stress of movement. Diagonal Cut Stability: The diagonal cut ends provide better anchoring and stability for the levers. Coordination and Communication:

Unified Effort: The multiple lever system allows for a more unified pulling effort, making coordination easier. Clear Signals: Effective communication is essential to ensure all teams pull in unison. Safety Measures:

Monitoring Stress Points: Regularly inspect the hinges, levers, and sledge for signs of wear or stress. Incremental Cribbing: Ensure the stone is securely cribbed after each movement to avoid accidents. Logistical Support:

Sustained Effort: Maintain a steady supply of food, water, and other resources for the workforce and animals. Maintenance: Repair and replace worn or damaged components of the lever and sledge system as needed. Conclusion Using tree trunks with diagonally cut ends as levers, combined with a well-coordinated system of pulleys, hinges, and cross beams, would provide a stable and efficient method for lifting and moving massive stones. This approach leverages mechanical advantage and improves the stability of the levers, making the task more manageable. Through careful planning, coordination, and communal effort, Neolithic people could achieve the monumental task of moving and positioning enormous stones, demonstrating their ingenuity and collaborative spirit.

A detailed depiction of a Neolithic operation to move a massive stone using a sledge and lever system, without the use of wheels. The stone is mounted on a robust wooden sledge. Large tree trunks with diagonally cut ends are used as levers, hinged to the front and sides of the sledge. Cross beams connect the levers for stability. Multiple teams of oxen are harnessed to the ropes attached to the lever system. Cribbing and blocking are placed under the stone to stabilize it during incremental movement. Simple pulleys enhance the mechanical advantage of the ropes. Neolithic people are coordinating and guiding the process. Here is the updated illustration of a Neolithic operation to move a massive stone using a sledge and lever system, without the use of wheels. The setup now includes diagonally cut tree trunks acting as levers, hinged to the sledge, with cross beams for stability, multiple teams of oxen, and the use of cribbing and pulleys to aid in the movement. This depiction aligns more closely with the historical context.

A detailed depiction of a Neolithic operation to move a massive stone using a sledge and lever system, without the use of wheels. The stone is mounted on a robust wooden sledge that slides along the ground. Large tree trunks with diagonally cut ends are used as levers, hinged to the front and sides of the sledge. Cross beams connect the levers for stability. Multiple teams of oxen are harnessed to the ropes attached to the lever system. Cribbing and blocking are placed under the stone to stabilize it during incremental movement. Simple pulleys enhance the mechanical advantage of the ropes. Neolithic people are coordinating and guiding the process. Here is the revised illustration, now without wheels. The setup includes a robust wooden sledge that slides along the ground, with diagonally cut tree trunks used as levers, hinged to the front and sides of the sledge, connected by cross beams for stability. Multiple teams of oxen are harnessed to the ropes attached to the lever system, with cribbing and blocking in place to stabilize the stone during incremental movement. Neolithic people are coordinating and guiding the process.

I think it woud look more like a wooden barge being 'walked' along by lots of tree trunks

A detailed depiction of a Neolithic operation to move a massive stone using a wooden sledge or barge-like structure, without the use of wheels. The stone is mounted on a robust wooden sledge that slides along the ground, supported by large tree trunks acting as rollers. These tree trunks are placed under the sledge and moved forward in sequence as the stone progresses. Multiple teams of oxen are harnessed to ropes attached to the sledge. Neolithic people are shown coordinating and guiding the process, using levers to lift and reposition the sledge onto new rollers. Cribbing and blocking are used to stabilize the stone during movement. The scene should convey the teamwork and effort involved in this ancient engineering feat. Here is the updated illustration depicting a Neolithic operation to move a massive stone using a wooden sledge or barge-like structure. The stone is mounted on a robust wooden sledge that slides along the ground, supported by large tree trunks acting as rollers. These tree trunks are placed under the sledge and moved forward in sequence as the stone progresses. Multiple teams of oxen are harnessed to ropes attached to the sledge, while Neolithic people coordinate and guide the process, using levers to lift and reposition the sledge onto new rollers. Cribbing and blocking are used to stabilize the stone during movement. This scene conveys the teamwork and effort involved in this ancient engineering feat.

So the oxen would be attached to the top of the trunk so it was acting as a lever to prise the bage along the ground

A detailed depiction of a Neolithic operation to move a massive stone using a wooden sledge or barge-like structure. The stone is mounted on a robust wooden sledge that slides along the ground, with large tree trunks acting as levers to prise the sledge along. The tree trunks are diagonally inserted into the ground and attached to the top with ropes harnessed to teams of oxen. Neolithic people are shown coordinating and guiding the process, using additional levers to lift and reposition the sledge. Cribbing and blocking are used to stabilize the stone during movement. The scene conveys the teamwork and effort involved in this ancient engineering feat. Here is the updated illustration depicting a Neolithic operation to move a massive stone using a wooden sledge or barge-like structure. The stone is mounted on a robust wooden sledge that slides along the ground, with large tree trunks acting as levers to prise the sledge along. The tree trunks are diagonally inserted into the ground and attached to the top with ropes harnessed to teams of oxen. Neolithic people are shown coordinating and guiding the process, using additional levers to lift and reposition the sledge. Cribbing and blocking are used to stabilize the stone during movement. This scene conveys the teamwork and effort involved in this ancient engineering feat.

It would be like punting along the river with each tree being pulled up and then re dug in to gain traction

I understand your concept better now. The process would be similar to punting along a river, where each tree trunk lever is dug into the ground, used to push or pull the sledge forward, and then repositioned. Here’s an updated depiction:

Punting Method for Moving a Massive Stone Materials and Tools Sharpened Tree Trunks: Large, sturdy tree trunks with diagonally cut ends to act as levers. Ropes and Harnesses: Strong ropes made from flax, hemp, or rawhide, and harnesses for the oxen. Oxen: Multiple teams of oxen to provide pulling force. Wooden Sledge: A robust wooden sledge to support and move the stone. Cribbing and Blocking: Wooden supports to stabilize the stone incrementally. Additional Levers: Smaller levers or jacks for repositioning the main levers. Process Setting Up the System:

Building the Sledge: Construct a strong wooden sledge capable of supporting the stone's weight. Preparing Levers: Sharpen the ends of large tree trunks diagonally. Using the Levers:

Insertion and Traction: Insert the sharpened ends of the tree trunks into the ground at an angle, leveraging them against the sledge. Attachment to Oxen: Attach ropes from the top of the tree trunks to the harnesses on the oxen teams. Punting Motion: The oxen pull the tree trunks, using them as levers to move the sledge forward. Once the tree trunk has been fully leveraged, it is pulled out of the ground and repositioned further ahead for the next 'punt'. Incremental Movement:

Short Distance Movement: Move the stone and sledge a few inches or feet at a time using the punting method. Cribbing for Stability: After each movement, stabilize the stone and sledge with cribbing to prevent backsliding. Repositioning the Levers:

Lift and Reinsert: After each movement, lift the tree trunks out of the ground and reinsert them at a new point further along the path. Continuous Process: This process is repeated, gradually moving the stone along the desired path. Practical Considerations Strength and Stability:

Robust Levers: Ensuring that the tree trunks are strong enough to handle the stress without breaking. Durable Sledge: The sledge must be built to withstand the weight and repeated stress of movement. Coordination and Communication:

Unified Effort: Effective coordination among the oxen teams and workers to ensure a smooth and continuous movement. Clear Signals: Effective communication is essential to ensure all teams work in unison. Safety Measures:

Monitoring Stress Points: Regularly inspect the levers, ropes, and sledge for signs of wear or stress. Incremental Cribbing: Ensure the stone is securely cribbed after each movement to avoid accidents. Logistical Support:

Sustained Effort: Maintaining a steady supply of food, water, and other resources for the workforce and animals. Maintenance: Repair and replace worn or damaged components of the lever and sledge system as needed. Conclusion Using the punting method with tree trunks acting as levers, combined with a well-coordinated system of oxen teams and cribbing for stability, provides an efficient method for moving massive stones. This approach leverages mechanical advantage and improves the stability of the movement, making the task more manageable. Through careful planning, coordination, and communal effort, Neolithic people could achieve the monumental task of moving and positioning enormous stones, demonstrating their ingenuity and collaborative spirit.

Let's update the illustration to reflect this more accurately:

Prompt for Updated Illustration "A detailed depiction of a Neolithic operation to move a massive stone using a wooden sledge or barge-like structure. The stone is mounted on a robust wooden sledge that slides along the ground. Large tree trunks with diagonally cut ends are used as levers, inserted into the ground and pulled by oxen teams to punt the sledge forward. Neolithic people are shown coordinating and guiding the process, lifting and repositioning the tree trunks after each movement. Cribbing and blocking are used to stabilize the stone during movement. The scene conveys the teamwork and effort involved in this ancient engineering feat."

Perhaps they could cut holes in the rolling trunks at regular angular intervals and then plug the trees with the oxen into subsequent poles and roll it along using the trees as a lever that way

A detailed depiction of a Neolithic operation to move a massive stone using a wooden sledge or barge-like structure. The stone is mounted on a robust wooden sledge that slides along the ground. Large tree trunks are used as rollers, and these trunks have holes cut at regular angular intervals. Tree trunks are inserted into these holes, and oxen teams are harnessed to the tops of these inserted trunks, using them as levers to roll the sledge forward. Neolithic people are shown coordinating and guiding the process, lifting and repositioning the tree trunks after each movement. Cribbing and blocking are used to stabilize the stone during movement. The scene conveys the teamwork and effort involved in this ancient engineering feat. Here is the updated illustration depicting a Neolithic operation to move a massive stone using a wooden sledge or barge-like structure. The stone is mounted on a robust wooden sledge that slides along the ground. Large tree trunks are used as rollers, with holes cut at regular angular intervals. Smaller tree trunks are inserted into these holes, and oxen teams are harnessed to the tops of these inserted trunks, using them as levers to roll the sledge forward. Neolithic people are shown coordinating and guiding the process, lifting and repositioning the tree trunks after each movement. Cribbing and blocking are used to stabilize the stone during movement. This scene conveys the teamwork and effort involved in this ancient engineering feat.

Yes but do you think that idea would be better?

Using tree trunks with holes cut at regular angular intervals, with smaller tree trunks inserted into these holes and pulled by oxen to leverage the rollers, could indeed be an effective and innovative method. Here's an evaluation of the advantages and practical considerations of this approach:

Advantages Increased Mechanical Advantage:

Leverage: By inserting smaller trunks into the holes and using them as levers, the oxen can apply greater force to roll the sledge forward, making the process more efficient. Controlled Movement: This method provides better control over the movement, allowing for more precise adjustments and smoother progress. Efficient Use of Resources:

Reuse of Rollers: The same tree trunks can be reused as rollers and levers, reducing the need for additional materials. Less Physical Strain: The use of levers reduces the physical strain on human workers, as oxen can provide the primary pulling force. Enhanced Stability:

Gradual Movement: The incremental rolling with levers can prevent sudden shifts or movements, enhancing the stability of the stone and sledge. Consistent Progress: The regular intervals of holes ensure that the sledge moves in a controlled and consistent manner. Practical Considerations Engineering and Construction:

Precision in Cutting Holes: The holes in the rollers need to be cut precisely at regular intervals and at appropriate angles to maximize leverage and ensure smooth rolling. Durability of Rollers and Levers: The tree trunks used as rollers and levers must be strong enough to withstand the repeated stress and weight of the stone. Coordination and Timing:

Synchronized Effort: The teams of oxen and human workers need to coordinate their efforts carefully to ensure smooth and continuous movement. Effective Communication: Clear communication is essential to synchronize the lifting, repositioning, and pulling actions. Safety Measures:

Monitoring Stress Points: Regular inspections are needed to ensure that the holes and levers do not wear out or break under the stress. Stabilization During Movement: Cribbing and blocking must be used consistently to stabilize the stone and prevent accidents during movement. Environmental and Terrain Factors:

Terrain Preparation: The ground must be prepared and leveled to facilitate smooth rolling of the sledge. Environmental Conditions: Weather conditions and terrain types (e.g., muddy or rocky ground) could affect the efficiency of this method. Conclusion The idea of using tree trunks with holes and smaller inserted trunks as levers, pulled by oxen, to roll a massive stone on a wooden sledge is innovative and potentially very effective. This method leverages mechanical principles to maximize efficiency and control, reducing the physical strain on human workers and enhancing the stability of the movement. With careful planning, precise construction, and coordinated effort, this approach could be a highly practical solution for moving massive stones in a Neolithic context.

By comparing it with the other methods discussed, this approach stands out due to its potential for increased mechanical advantage and controlled movement, making it a compelling option for such a monumental task.

It would mean more Oxen but less chance of slipping backward

Indeed, using more oxen and leveraging the rollers with holes and inserted tree trunks would reduce the chances of slipping backward and provide better control over the movement. Here’s a detailed breakdown of how this method would work, including its benefits and practical considerations:

Detailed Method Materials and Tools Large Tree Trunks (Rollers): Sturdy tree trunks with holes cut at regular angular intervals. Smaller Tree Trunks (Levers): Smaller, strong tree trunks to insert into the holes in the rollers. Ropes and Harnesses: Strong ropes made from flax, hemp, or rawhide, and harnesses for the oxen. Oxen: Multiple teams of oxen to provide the pulling force. Wooden Sledge: A robust wooden sledge to support and move the stone. Cribbing and Blocking: Wooden supports to stabilize the stone incrementally. Pulleys (if available): Simple pulleys to enhance mechanical advantage (optional). Process Preparing the Rollers:

Cutting Holes: Drill or cut holes at regular angular intervals around the circumference of the large tree trunks. Positioning Rollers: Place the large tree trunks under the wooden sledge, positioned as rollers. Setting Up the Levers:

Inserting Levers: Insert the smaller tree trunks into the holes in the rollers. Attaching Ropes: Attach ropes from the tops of the inserted tree trunks to the harnesses on the oxen teams. Using Oxen to Move the Sledge:

Coordinated Pulling: Teams of oxen pull the ropes, causing the inserted levers to turn the rollers and move the sledge forward. Incremental Rolling: Move the sledge a short distance with each coordinated effort, ensuring controlled and gradual movement. Repositioning and Cribbing:

Lift and Reset Levers: After each movement, lift the inserted levers out of the holes, reposition the rollers if necessary, and insert the levers into new holes further along the rollers. Cribbing: Place cribbing under the stone and sledge after each movement to stabilize and prevent slipping backward